#COHESION IN WRITING EXAMPLES HOW TO#

If writers wish to avoid repeating a word, they can use substitution or ellipsis. Substitution is the replacement of one item by another and ellipsis is the omission of the item. Other words used in this way are 'he', ' him', 'it', 'this', 'that', 'these', 'those', 'here', 'there' etc. Schein has classified them as follows, and it is interesting to note that the categories follow each other in a sort of historical procession, starting from the time of the industrial revolution. To a large extent unproven, they tend to represent the dominant mood or climate of opinion at that time. Similarly, These theories all stem from some underlying assumptions about people. In order to create such a text, you need to us these words correctly in the text.

In this text 'he' and 'him' refers to 'Hermann Ebbinghaus'. He aimed to collect objective experimental evidence of the way in which memory worked in the hope that this would allow him to choose between the various theories. He argued that the philosophers had come up with a wide range of possible interpretations of memory but had produced no way of deciding which amongst these theories offered the best explanation of memory. In doing so he broke away from a 2000-year-old tradition that firmly assigned the study of memory to the philosopher rather than to the scientist. The scientific study of memory began in the early 1870s when a German philosopher, Hermann Ebbinghaus, came up with the revolutionary idea that memory could be studied experimentally. That is, they do not have meaning themselves, but they refer to something else for their meaning. ReferenceĬertain items of language in English have the property of reference. There are four main types of links used in academic texts: reference, ellipsis and substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976).

#COHESION IN WRITING EXAMPLES HOW TO#

You need to understand how to use these connections or links. Words like 'it', 'this', 'that', 'here', 'there' etc. In order to make these relationships in the text clear, it is necessary to show how the sentences are related. The parts that make up the text are related in a meaningful way to each other. It is not just a random collection of sentences. These connections can be made explicit grammatically and lexically by the use of different reference words. It is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how various parts of the paragraph are connected.

The parts that make up the text are related in meaningful ways to each other.

Academic Writing Writing paragraphs CohesionĮvery paragraph has a structure.

Cohesion in writing examples